Research Review

Epitalon's origin story runs through the pineal gland, Soviet-era gerontology, and Vladimir Khavinson's peptide bioregulator programme. Understanding this history is essential to interpreting the research data that followed.

BPC-157 and TB-500 are the two most-studied healing peptides in preclinical research. We examine why combining them makes mechanistic sense, what the limited combination data shows, and how the two compounds complement each other.

The nine hallmarks of ageing framework gives researchers a systematic way to assess where longevity peptides intervene. We map MOTS-c, Epitalon, and related compounds onto this framework and assess where the evidence is strongest.

Lean mass loss is an increasingly important endpoint in GLP-1 class drug research. We review the current data on what proportion of weight lost is fat vs muscle, and what the research implications are for combination approaches.

Melanotan II is a synthetic α-MSH analogue with broad melanocortin receptor activity. We examine the receptor binding profile, pigmentation biology, and the broader melanocortin system implications for aesthetic and metabolic research.

The combination of a GHRH analogue and a GHRP creates a synergistic GH secretagogue profile that neither compound achieves alone. We examine the mechanistic rationale and what preclinical combination data shows for CJC-1295 and Ipamorelin.

TB-500's actin-sequestering mechanism distinguishes it from growth factor-based repair peptides. We review the preclinical evidence base and what the LEMS/ABS pathway data tells researchers about systemic healing properties.

With semaglutide and tirzepatide now mainstream, the research community has turned its focus to longer-acting, more selective, and multi-receptor peptide agonists. We map the current frontier.

The Khavinson Institute's multi-decade programme on Epitalon and telomerase activity provides one of the longest-running datasets in peptide bioregulator research. We examine what the evidence base currently shows.